|
 |
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
Year : 2011 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 1 | Page : 8-12 |
|
|
Efficacy of benzydamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, and povidone iodine in the treatment of oral mucositis among patients undergoing radiotherapy in head and neck malignancies: A drug trail
G Roopashri1, K Jayanthi2, R Guruprasad3
1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karanataka, India 2 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karanataka, India 3 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, People's Dental college and Research Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Date of Web Publication | 12-Apr-2011 |
Correspondence Address: G Roopashri Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karanataka India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0976-237X.79292
Abstract | | |
Background and Objectives: Oral mucositis is a common and debilitating complication of radiotherapy, which is associated with significant morbidity. It is therefore extremely important that mucositis be prevented, or at least treated to reduce its severity and sequelae. The objective of the study was to manage oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy and to reduce pain by using Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%), Chlorhexidine (0.2%), and Povidone iodine (5%). Results: Benzydamine hydrochloride was observed to be effective and delayed the development of severe form of mucositis and appears more efficient in the management of radiation-induced mucositis. Conclusion: Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%) is safe, well tolerated, helps not just in delaying the progression of mucositis but also reduces the intensity of pain. Keywords: Benzydamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, oral mucositis, povidone iodine
How to cite this article: Roopashri G, Jayanthi K, Guruprasad R. Efficacy of benzydamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, and povidone iodine in the treatment of oral mucositis among patients undergoing radiotherapy in head and neck malignancies: A drug trail. Contemp Clin Dent 2011;2:8-12 |
How to cite this URL: Roopashri G, Jayanthi K, Guruprasad R. Efficacy of benzydamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, and povidone iodine in the treatment of oral mucositis among patients undergoing radiotherapy in head and neck malignancies: A drug trail. Contemp Clin Dent [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 May 26];2:8-12. Available from: https://www.contempclindent.org/text.asp?2011/2/1/8/79292 |
Introduction | |  |
Oral mucositis is a major complication associated with radiotherapy (RT) administered to the head and neck area. It is associated with significant morbidity characterized by pain, odynodysphagia, dysgeusia, malnutrition, dehydration, and also increases the risk for systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12] Oral mucositis can occur with cumulative RT doses as low as 1000-2000 cGy with therapy administered at a rate of 200 cGy per day. [10] In more than half of patients with mucositis, the condition is of such severities that requires parental analgesia, interruption of RT, and hospitalization. This is of marked concern, as a strong clinical and radiobiologic evidence that protraction of overall treatment time has an adverse influence on the radiocurability of certain human tumors, particularly squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. [13] The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%), Chlorhexidine (0.2%), Povidone iodine oral rinses in managing the severity of radiation-induced mucositis.
Aims and objectives
To compare and study the efficiency of Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%), Povidone iodine (5%), and Chlorhexidine (0.2%) used in the management of oral mucositis and pain induced by RT.
Materials and Methods | |  |
A total number of 100 patients undergoing RT (Cobalt external beam therapy) for head and neck malignancies at the Radiotherapy Department, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore were selected.
Patient selection
Patients were selected based on the following criteria. (i) Patients who were planned for RT with a daily dose of 220CGy for a period of six weeks, with a total dose of 6600CGy 30 fractions, and (ii) Age group of the patients between 30 and 70 years. We excluded patients falling under the following criteria. (i) Patients suffering from mucositis due to other causes like radiochemotherapy, Bacterial /fungal infections of oropharynx, (ii) Patients having atrophic mucosal changes, dryness of mouth before RT were not included, and (iii) Patients who received antibiotics and analgesics during the RT period were not considered.
Selected patients were divided into study and control groups. The study groups were further subdivided into group 1, group 2, and group 3. Each study group consisted of twenty five patients and the control group also consisted of twenty five patients; the three study group and the control group were given Benzydamine hydrochloride, Chlorhexidine, Povidone iodine, and distilled water (Placebo), respectively. These rinses were given after two weeks of RT at the onset of oral mucositis.
Methodology
After explaining about the study to the patients, an informed consent was obtained and a detailed case history with relevant clinical finding were recorded.
Patients in the study groups as well as the control group were instructed to rinse the oral cavity with 15 ml of their respective rinses for at least thirty seconds, four times a day at 6 hours interval. The mouth rinsing regimen was performed under professional supervision. The samples of mouth rinses, were given to the patients without dilution for one week use, at a time, for convenience. The patients were also provided measuring cups to measure the quantity of oral rinses. All the patients were examined at the end of every week during the RT for about six weeks period.
Mucositis was recorded at the end of every week and graded as recommended by WHO. [14]
The criteria is as follows:
- Grade 0: No changes.
- Grade 1: Soreness / (+) erythema.
- Grade 2: Erythema (++), Ulcer, can eat food. (Erythema with ulcers less than 1 cm)
- Grade 3: Ulcer (+++), (erythema with ulcers more than 1cms) require liquid food.
- Grade 4: Ulcer with hemorrhage and necrosis, alimentation not possible.
Pain was recorded at the end of every week and graded as recommended by Lindquist/Hickey scale. [14] Scale indicated: 0 - no pain, 1 - Slight burning (mild), 2 - Oral pain but able to eat (moderate), 3 - Severe pain and unable to eat (severe)
Results and Discussion | |  |
It was observed that at the end of the third week of RT, there were more patients with absent/no mucositis (32%-44%) in the study groups, as compared to the control group (16%). However, mucositis was present in mild forms in control group as well as in the study groups. Hence, it appears that Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%), Povidone iodine (5%), and Chlorhexidine (0.2%) did not delay the progression of mucositis, and thus, did not control the cascade of inflammatory events associated with RT. Mild pain had developed in more number of patients in control group (84%) as compared to the study groups (52%-68%). At the same period, more number of patients developed grade 1 mucositis in all the groups. No statistically significant difference was found between the control and the study groups at the end of third week [Table 1]a, b.
At the end of fourth week of RT, there were differences in the grades of mucositis between the control group and the study groups. Patients from all the groups had mucositis. Patients from the control group were seen to progress towards severity, when compared to study groups, in which most of patients had either grade 0 or grade 1 mucositis. However, there were no patients from group 1 and group 2 who had grade 3 mucositis. Most of the patients in the control group and in the study groups were complaining of varying degrees of pain. Patients with severe pain were more in the control group (16%) when compared to the study group (0%-4%). Resolution of pain from severe to moderate was observed in group 1 [Table 2]a, b.
At the end of the fifth week of RT, the severity of mucositis had increased in patients of all the groups. The numbers of patients having grade 2 and grade 3 mucositis were more in the control group (16%-36%), whereas more patients had grade 1 mucositis in the study groups (56%-68%). It is important to observe that none of the patients from Group 1 had progressed to grade 3 mucositis. Patients with severe pain were more in the control group (20%) than in the study groups (4%-12%). None of patients from group 1 complained of severe pain, however, a single patient from group 2 complained of severe pain. The intensity of pain was comparable to the progression of mucositis. As mucositis escalated, the pain also increased in intensity accordingly. Hence, it appears that with the increase in severity of mucositis, Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%) helped in reducing the intensity of pain. Although there was no statistically significant difference seen among the study groups, it is also important to note that there were little differences between group 1 and group 2 in controlling pain and mucositis. These findings are similar to the study conducted by Samaranayake et al who compared the effects of Chlorhexidine and Benzydamine mouth washes on mucositis induced by therapeutic radiation and reported that there was little difference between the effectiveness of mouthwashes in controlling both mucositis and pain [Table 3]a, b. [15]
It is important to observe that at the end of the sixth week of RT, the number of patients with grade 1 mucositis were more in all the study groups (44%-68%) as compared to the control group (28%). One patient in Group 1 progressed to grade 3 mucositis, and simultaneously there was resolution of mucositis from grade 2 to grade 1 in another patient. Patients with moderate and severe pain were more in number in the control group and patients with mild pain were more in the study groups. Although a single patient from Group 1 had grade 3 mucositis, the patient complained of moderate pain; this might be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anesthetic property of the oral rinse. Thus it appears that Benzydamine hydrochloride is very effective in controlling pain and mucositis.
In the present study, though there was no significant difference in the number of patients having mucositis in both the control and the study groups, there was a difference in the severity of mucositis. Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%) oral rinse reduced the intensity and duration of oral mucositis during RT to a single case of grade 3 mucositis by the end of the sixth week of RT (4%). Patients from study group 2 and study group 3 were found to have grade 3 mucositis (20%-24%), similar to that of control group (32%). It was also observed that as the period of RT progressed, intensity of pain increased in the control group, which was followed by Group 3 and Group 2, whereas none of them had complained of severe pain in Group 1. Hence, Benzydamine hydrochloride is found be effective in delaying the progression of severity of mucositis and pain, and thereby appears more efficient in the management of radiation-induced mucositis. [Table 4]a, b
Mody R.N and Talukdar S studied the efficacy of Benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinses in radiation mucositis and reported that its mouth rinse helped in reducing the severity and the faster recovery of mucositis. [16]
These findings are similar to that of earlier studies of Epstein J.B. et al who found Benzydamine hydrochloride rinse to be effective in accelerating resolution of mucositis and pain. [13] Kim et al also observed that Benzydamine hydrochloride used as a rinse/gargle provided a significant and clinically meaningful alleviation of oropharyngeal mucositis. [17]
Conclusion | |  |
Oral mucositis is a common and important side effect of many cancer therapies. It is therefore essential that dentists have an understanding of cancer therapy and a sound working knowledge of the prevention and management options for the oral sequelae of cancer treatment. All the oral rinses helped in controlling pain and mucositis when compared with distilled water (Placebo), however Benzydamine hydrochloride was more efficient and had better patients compliance.
Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the use of Benzydamine hydrochloride (0.15%) helps not just in delaying the progression of mucositis but also reduces the intensity of pain, and hence it is more efficient in the management of radiation-induced mucositis. However, long term follow-up studies with larger sample size would further help to assess the significance of these drugs in the treatment of radiation-induced oral mucositis.
References | |  |
1. | Köstler WJ, Hejna M, Wenzel C, Zielinski CC. Oral mucositis complicating chemotherapy /radiotherapy. Options for prevention and treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:290-315.  |
2. | Paccitti. Symptomatic treatment of radiation-induced mucositis in head and Neck cancer: Current practice, literature review and evidence-based Recommendations. J Radiother Pract 2004;4:47-54.  |
3. | Sciubba J. Goldenberg D, Oral Complications of Radiotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2000;7:175-83.  |
4. | Vissink A, Jansma J, Spijkervet FK, Burlage FR, Coppes RP. Prevention and treatment of the consequences of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Med 2003;14:199-202.  |
5. | Andy trotti, Toxicity in head and neck cancer.A Review of Trends and Issues. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;47:1-12.  |
6. | Plevová P. Prevention and treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced oral mucositis review. Oral Oncol 1999;35:453-70.  |
7. | Scully C, Sonis S, Diz PD. Oral Mucositis. Oral Dis 2006;12:229-41.  |
8. | Trotti A, Bellm LA, Epstein JB, Frame D, Fuchs HJ, Gwede CK, et al. Mucositis incidence, severity and associated outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. A systematic literature review. Radiother Oncol 2003;66:253-62.  |
9. | Beumer J, Curtis T, Harrison RE. Radiation therapy of the oral cavity.Sequelae and management. Head Neck Surg 1979;1:301-12.  |
10. | Martin S. Greenberg, Glick M. Burket′s Oral Medicine.9 th ed. BC. Decker Inc.  |
11. | Martin MV. Irradiation mucositis: A reappraisal. Oral Oncol 1993;29:1-2.  |
12. | Foote RL, Loprinzi CL, Frank AR, O′Fallon JR, Gulavita S, Tewfik HH, et al. Randomized trial of a Chlorhexidine mouthwash for alleviation of radiation-induced mucositis. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2630-3.  |
13. | Epstein JB, Silverman S Jr, Paggiarino DA, Crockett S, Schubert MM, Senzer NN, et al. Benzydamine HCl for Prophylaxis of Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis. Results from a Multicentric, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Cancer 2001;92:1-15.  |
14. | Henson DF, Arnold R. Oral Mucositis: Diagnosis and Assessment, Fast Facts and Concepts #121 and WHO criteria. Available from: http://www.eperc.mcw.edu.  |
15. | Samaranayake LP, Robertson AG, MacFarlane TW, Hunter IP, MacFarlane G, Soutar DS, et al. The effects of Chlorhexidine and Benzydamine mouth washes on mucositis induced by therapeutic radiation. Clin radiol 1988;39:291-4.  |
16. | Mody RN, Talukdar S. Efficacy of Benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinses in Radiation mucositis. J Indian Dent Assoc 1993;64:93-7.  |
17. | Kim JH, Chu FC, Lakshmi V, Houde R. Benzydamine HCl.A new agent for the treatment of radiation mucositis of the oropharaynx. Am J Clin Oncol 1986;9:132-4.  |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
This article has been cited by | 1 |
Effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes containing benzydamine on Candida albicans adhesion, biofilm formation, regrowth, and persistence |
|
| Andrea Ardizzoni, Giorgia Boaretto, Eva Pericolini, Diego Pinetti, Alessandra Capezzone de Joannon, Lucia Durando, Lorella Ragni, Elisabetta Blasi | | Clinical Oral Investigations. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 2 |
The role of benzydamine in prevention and treatment of chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis |
|
| Ourania Nicolatou-Galitis, Paolo Bossi, Ester Orlandi, René-Jean Bensadoun | | Supportive Care in Cancer. 2021; 29(10): 5701 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 3 |
Hyaluronic-benzydamine oromucosal films outperform conventional mouth rinse in ulcer healing |
|
| Noha S. El-Salamouni, Amira Sayed Hanafy | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2021; 65: 102690 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 4 |
Effect of Honey–Lemon Spray Versus Benzydamine Hydrochloride Spray on Radiation-Induced Acute Oral Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial |
|
| Ahmad Ameri, Sanaz Poshtmahi, Ghazaleh Heydarirad, Holger Cramer, Rasoul Choopani, Homa Hajimehdipoor, Samira Azghandi, Mehdi Pasalar | | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2021; 27(3): 255 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 5 |
Ecdysterone Attenuates the Development of Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis in Rats at Early Stage |
|
| Li Yang, Thomas Friedemann, Jian Pan | | Radiation Research. 2021; 196(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 6 |
Radiation-induced oral mucositis — radiation-induced oral mucositis: pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, prevention, and treatment |
|
| Vladimir I. Legeza, Alexander E. Antushevich, Andrey G. Klimov, Gennady G. Zagorodnikov, Vladimir M. Reznik, Natalia V. Aksenova | | Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2021; 23(4): 257 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 7 |
Oral rinses in growth inhibition and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection |
|
| Dharmendra Kashyap, Budhadev Baral, Tarun Prakash Verma, Charu Sonkar, Debi Chatterji, Ajay Kumar Jain, Hem C. Jha | | BMC Microbiology. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 8 |
Oral mucositis in patients with oncological pathology of the oropharyngeal region: review |
|
| A. O. Eremina, I. A. Zaderenko, S. Yu. Ivanov, S. B. Alieva, A. B. Dymnikov, A. V. Khromushina, B. C. Pkheshkhova | | Head and Neck Tumors (HNT). 2020; 10(3): 72 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 9 |
The efficacy of an ayurvedic preparation of yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) on radiation-induced mucositis in head-and-neck cancer patients: A pilot study |
|
| RavindraKumar Mamgain, Meenu Gupta, Pratibha Mamgain, SanjeevKumar Verma, DeepShankar Pruthi, Abhishek Kandwal, Sunil Saini | | Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2020; 16(3): 458 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 10 |
Effects of 9 oral care solutions on the prevention of oral mucositis: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |
|
| Ya-Ting Yu, Jia-Lin Deng, Xian-Rong Jin, Zhong-Zu Zhang, Xiao-Hua Zhang, Xin Zhou | | Medicine. 2020; 99(16): e19661 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 11 |
Comparative prevention potential of 10 mouthwashes on intolerable oral mucositis in cancer patients: A Bayesian network analysis |
|
| Xu Zhang, Di Sun, Nan Qin, Meishuo Liu, Jing Zhang, Xiaohan Li | | Oral Oncology. 2020; 107: 104751 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 12 |
MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy |
|
| Sharon Elad, Karis Kin Fong Cheng, Rajesh V. Lalla, Noam Yarom, Catherine Hong, Richard M. Logan, Joanne Bowen, Rachel Gibson, Deborah P. Saunders, Yehuda Zadik, Anura Ariyawardana, Maria Elvira Correa, Vinisha Ranna, Paolo Bossi, Praveen Arany, Abdul Rahman Al-Azri, Nicole Blijlevens, Allan Hovan, Eduardo Fregnani, Janet Fulton, Luiz Alcino Gueiros, Tanya Rouleau, Janet K. Coller, Noor Al-Dasooqi, Hannah Wardill, Suzanne Ameringer, Héliton Spindola Antunes, Emma H. Bateman, Kivanc Bektas, René-Jean Bensadoun, K. Ten Bohmer, Norman Brito-Dellan, Daniel Castillo, Karen Chiang, Charlotte de Mooij, June Eilers, Joel Epstein, Dimitra Galiti, Jane M. Fall-Dickson, Margherita Gobbo, Hanan Issa Hazboun, Siri Beier Jensen, Jorgen Johansen, Jamie Joy, K. Joy, Abhishek Kandwal, Tomoko Kataoka, Dorothy Keefe, Charles L. Loprinzi, Rachel Lubart, Anna Skripnik Lucas, Alessandra Majorana, Bronwen Mayo, Charlotte de Mooij, Takehiko Mori, Raj G. Nair, Narmin Nasr, Ourania Nicolatou-Galitis, Giulia Ott | | Cancer. 2020; 126(19): 4423 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 13 |
Topical chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and erythromycin in the repair of traumatic ulcers on the rat tongue: Clinical, histological and microbiological evaluation |
|
| Dieni da Silveira Teixeira,Maria Antonia Zancanaro de Figueiredo,Karen Cherubini,Maria Claudia Rosa Garcia,Sílvia Dias de Oliveira,Fernanda Gonçalves Salum | | Archives of Oral Biology. 2018; 87: 218 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 14 |
Pre-Radiation dental considerations and management for head and neck cancer patients |
|
| Kenneth Kufta,Michael Forman,Samuel Swisher-McClure,Thomas P. Sollecito,Neeraj Panchal | | Oral Oncology. 2018; 76: 42 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 15 |
Randomized controlled trial to compare oral analgesic requirements and patient satisfaction in using oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinses after mandibular third molar extraction: a pilot study |
|
| Devalina Goswami,Gaurav Jain,Mangesh Mohod,Dalim Kumar Baidya,Ongkila Bhutia,Ajoy Roychoudhury | | Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2018; 18(1): 19 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 16 |
Increase of collagen in diabetes-related traumatic ulcers after the application of liquid smoke coconut shell |
|
| Meircurius Dwi Condro Surboyo, Ira Arundina, Retno Pudji Rahayu | | Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi). 2017; 50(2): 71 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 17 |
The influence of artificial salivary pH on nickel ion release and the surface morphology of stainless steel bracket-nickel-titanium archwire combinations |
|
| Ida Bagus Narmada, Natalya Tantri Sudarno, Achmad Sjafei, Yuli Setiyorini | | Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi). 2017; 50(2): 80 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 18 |
Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis |
|
| Osama Muhammad Maria,Nicoletta Eliopoulos,Thierry Muanza | | Frontiers in Oncology. 2017; 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 19 |
Relative Efficacy of Quercetin Compared with Benzydamine Hydrochloride in Minor Aphthae: A Prospective, Parallel, Double Blind, Active Control, Preliminary Study |
|
| Maitreyi Pandya,Anupama N. Kalappanavar,Rajeshwari G. Annigeri,Dhanya S. Rao | | International Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 2017: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 20 |
Randomized control trial of benzydamine HCl versus sodium bicarbonate for prophylaxis of concurrent chemoradiation-induced oral mucositis |
|
| Imjai Chitapanarux,Tharatorn Tungkasamit,Janjira Petsuksiri,Danita Kannarunimit,Kanyarat Katanyoo,Chakkapong Chakkabat,Jiraporn Setakornnukul,Somying Wongsrita,Naruemon Jirawatwarakul,Chawalit Lertbusayanukul,Patumrat Sripan,Patrinee Traisathit | | Supportive Care in Cancer. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 21 |
Mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and systemic therapies: literature review and consensus statements. |
|
| Vitaliana De Sanctis,Paolo Bossi,Giuseppe Sanguineti,Fabio Trippa,Daris Ferrari,Almalina Bacigalupo,Carla Ida Ripamonti,Michela Buglione,Stefano Pergolizzi,Johannes A. Langendjik,Barbara Murphy,Judith Raber-Durlacher,Elvio G. Russi,Rajesh V. Lalla | | Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 22 |
Managing Pharyngeal and Oral Mucosal Pain |
|
| Jennifer J. Robertson | | Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 23 |
Expression of salivary biomarkers in patients with oral mucositis: evaluation by SELDI-TOF/MS |
|
| F Ardito,M Giuliani,D Perrone,G Giannatempo,O Di Fede,G Favia,G Campisi,G Colella,L Lo Muzio | | Oral Diseases. 2016; 22(3): 209 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 24 |
Efficacy of benzydamine oral rinse in prevention and management of radiation-induced oral mucositis: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial |
|
| Khosro M Sheibani,Ahmad R Mafi,Shiva Moghaddam,Farnaz Taslimi,Ahmadreza Amiran,Ahmad Ameri | | Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2015; : n/a | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 25 |
Evidence-Based Interventions for Cancer Treatment-Related Mucositis: Putting Evidence Into Practice |
|
| June Eilers,Debra Harris,Karen Henry,Lee Ann Johnson | | Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2014; 18(s6): 80 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 26 |
Clinical effectiveness of palifermin in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a case–control study |
|
| Dorina Lauritano,Massimo Petruzzi,Dario Di Stasio,Alberta Lucchese | | International Journal of Oral Science. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 27 |
Topische Schmerztherapie bei oraler Mukositis |
|
| H. Bornemann-Cimenti,S.K. Kobald,I.S. Szilagyi,A. Sandner-Kiesling | | Der Schmerz. 2013; 27(3): 253 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
 |
|